Sunday, December 19, 2010

Grandpa and Jim

A Look Back at……..Today

December 31, 11AU

Today was Jim’s 12th birthday so he was a little excited as he got home from educational training. Every year his parents did something special for Jim and he hoped this year would be no different, in fact he hoped this year would be the best since his Grandfather has just moved in with them. Grandpa had just retired and since he was no longer a useful member of the work force it was left to the family to take care of Grandpa if they chose to, in the case of Jims family they still felt that persons that had worked their whole life deserved to be respected, cared for and allowed to live out a natural life. Many families these days did not believe in taking care of the elderly after they left the workforce, they felt they had lived out their usefulness so they wanted nothing more to do with them and just left to them to fend for themselves. Some families could not afford to take care of them since they did not qualify for upgraded living spaces in the committee provided apartments, upgrades were given to those that had more desirable skills and both of Jims parents had desirable skills so they qualified for an extra sleeping room in their apartment. But this was not what Jim was thinking about when he came home, he was trying to guess what special surprise was waiting for him. One year because of his Fathers standing in the workforce he had been allowed to actually look inside of a Personal Vehicle of Conveyance, some used to call it an automobile. These days only the Elite, the members of the Committee themselves were allowed to own or even ride in PVC’s. This year he was hoping to be taken to the living museum of wildlife, it was said that the museum actually had dogs and cats in it and that supposedly people had once domesticated dogs and cats and kept them as companions, Jim found this very hard to believe since he had never even seen one alive. Jim hoped that his parents had been able to save up enough credits to take him, most families only earned enough credits to redeem at the nutrition distribution center but Jims parents had more desirable skills so they earned a few extra credits. Needless to say Jim was a bit surprised when he walked in and saw Grandpa sitting with a book in his lap, Jim knew what a book was from some information he had come across on his e-tablet, but that information had said that they were now illegal and were to be turned in to the Illegal Artifacts Committee when found. Jim was real curious why Grandpa had an illegal book but he was more curious as to what was in it.

“What’s that Grandpa?”

“This is your birthday present; it’s called a scrap book. Your parents and I decided you were old enough to have this now, we’ve been keeping it for you for a very long time.”

Jim had completely forgotten about the Museum at this point, instead he was becoming increasingly curious about the book. “What’s in it?” he asked.

“In here is a small piece of history, history of my life and your Fathers before the Great Collapse. There are even things in here about a country that you were never allowed to know and a way of life that you are not even allowed to know about. Do you want to look at? You don’t have to, we can turn it in for destruction if you feel that is the right thing to do.” Grandpa knew this would just heighten Jims curiosity, Jim had always shown signs that he felt there was suppose to more to life then just educational training and then working for credits.

“Of course I’d like to look at!” Jim exclaimed.

“Before we open it you must understand that by just looking at you are breaking the law so you can never tell anyone that you saw this, much less that we have this. Can you live with that secret?”

“Yes” Jim answered now so excited he could hardly wait to see what was so horrible that they could go to prison for just looking at it.

Jim sat down beside Grandpa and Grandpa set the book in his lap. It was an odd feeling that came over Jim, not one of fear for getting ready to break the law, but one of power. Jim couldn’t figure out why just a book would give him this feeling. With his hands slightly trembling Jim slowly opened the book, a very strange feeling since he had never opened the cover of a book before, for that matter he had never seen or touched paper, everything was done by computers now that were linked directly to the main computers at the Unification Central Headquarters. Even the control of the lighting and heating of their apartment was done by computer and monitored at UCH to ensure they were not using more then they were allotted for.

The first thing that Jim found was a small rectangular piece of cloth like material that was blue in one corner with white stars on it and horizontal red and white stripes covering the remainder of the rectangle. “What’s this?” he asked.

“That is an arm patch of the Flag of the United States of America. It was worn on uniforms of the military and civil servants to show both pride in their Nation and to show what country they represented when on a field of battle. Before the collapse the areas you now know as the States, such as the Unified State of America were Nations. Each Nation had a Flag that was unique and held great meaning to the people of those Nations. Within each Nation their were smaller areas called States, each State had it’s own Government, it’s own Flag, it’s own history, it’s own way of life and even it’s own personality. What you now call District 21-544 of the Unified State of America was once called the City of Jamestown in the State of Virginia in the United States of America. This was the first settlement of what later became the American Colonies and then the United States of America.”

“When did all of that occur?” asked Jim.

“Jamestown was fist settled in 1607 by men and women that came across the Atlantic Ocean in great sailing ships from Great Britain, what you know as the Unified State of England. Why do you look so confused Jim?”

“What is a sailing ship and what do you mean by 1607?”

“Sorry, I forgot that you only know the dates after the collapse and Unification and you were never taught about how things were before the collapse, at least not the truth. You have seen the Elite of the Committee out in the river on their fancy sailboats, well sailing ships were great big versions of these that were built by hand from real wood from trees, not the manufactured wood that is used today. These ships would hold a couple of hundred people and used great sails to move through the water. To make the trip from England to the Americas, as this State was called then, would take months to complete and many would not make the entire voyage due to the harsh conditions they had to endure. It took hardy men and women to take a chance like that, leaving what they knew to go to a place that was wilderness filled with animals they knew nothing about and natives that we thought to be savages. But many made the voyage in hopes of making a new and better life for themselves, one where they controlled how they lived. 1607 was the year which would have been about 420 years ago so you would know it as 420BU, before Unification. The truth is that it was called 1607AD, AD meant After Death. I know you are going to ask after death of what but hold onto that thought for another day, which is a long and important story in itself.

When Jim turned the page he found a piece of paper that said “Birth Certificate” with his name on it. Jim wasn’t sure what it was or why it was in there since he had a Certificate of Birth and Citizenship that had his name, date of birth, number and bar code already on it. “What’s this Grandpa?” he asked.

“Before the Unification everyone had Birth Certificate. It showed when you were born and where. It showed who your parents were and even had your foot prints and finger prints on it. After the Unification all births were accompanied by a Certificate of Birth and Citizenship, it also came with a chip that was implanted in each baby that would contain all information for that person from birth to death. Since you were in the last generation to be born in a free country you were not initially implanted with a chip and you did not have a Certificate of Birth and Citizenship. After the Unification persons already living were implanted and issued a Certificate. If you look at your Certificate you will notice that it only states your First Name and number and which District you were born in. No longer does anyone care who you were born to and the finger prints and foot prints are no longer important since all the information on the implanted chip is linked to the bar code on your Certificate. All the original Birth Certificates were destroyed, I have this one because I made a copy of your Birth Certificate when you were born, you see when your Father was born I was so tired and excited that I lost your Fathers original, I just wanted to make sure that your Father didn’t do the same thing with yours. By no longer including last names and parents names the Unification Committee ended any link a person might be able to find to their family tree, any individualism. They are even talking about doing away with names at birth and just going with numbers. The only reason children are still allowed to live with their parents is that it’s easier to have parents responsible for caring for the young then it is to put them all in youth care facilities. That may come later too. Since the Unification they have also required married couples to apply for permission to have children. If they institute the youth care facilities they are going to outlaw marriage all together and go with only non parental births. Doing away with marriage and parenting will allow the Committee for Housing to open the barracks style living quarters they have been trying to push for reducing the area they need for housing.”

“Why is it important to know who your parents are Grandpa?”

“You know your parents right? You know me right? Knowing us means you know who you are and why you are who you are. It helps you to understand why you think and feel the way you do, why you were excited about looking at the book instead of following the Committee rules and turning it over to be destroyed, it’s why you wanted to look at it instead of turning me in. Knowing who you are in a lot of ways means you need to at least know who your parents are, the more you know about your heritage the more you understand who and why you are. Even adopted children want to know who their birth parents are many times, but what was more important to them was to know the parents that raised them, to know the ones that helped to form them.”

When Jim turned that page there was nothing but pictures. Jim knew what pictures were but he was used to the ones that he found on his e-tablet, these were actually printed on paper of some sort. There were pictures of Grandpa holding a gun with some kind of animal hanging up, he thought it was a deer from e-pictures he had seen, and sitting in a boat holding up a fish, again he knew what that was from e-pictures. There were pictures of Grandpa and his Father sitting in cars and riding on things that had only 2 wheels, both motorized and non-motorized, only the Elite members of the committee were allowed to ride or own PVC’s so he couldn’t figure out why Grandpa and Dad were in them not to mention that he had no idea what those 2 wheeled things were but they looked like fun. There were pictures showing his Father doing something around plants that were actually in the ground, nowadays all the plants were grown in the hydroponics facility.

“What are all these pictures Grandpa? And what are those things with 2 wheels?” Jim asked.

Grandpa laughed and turned the book so that he could better see the pictures. As he looked at the pictures and started to tell his Grandson about them his eyes got a little misty and a funny look came over his face. “What’s wrong Grandpa?” Jim asked.

“I was just thinking Son how you will only know these things in pictures, you will never be able to experience them yourself. At least you will know what these things are which is something most children these days will not have. So let’s look at these and I’ll tell you all about them. Many of the things you will see here have been outlawed by the Committee; they have decided that these things were either to dangerous or that only the Elite shall be allowed to do them. Take for instance the picture of me holding the gun. The only guns you have seen are the ones the Protection Committee is allowed to have. It used to be that law abiding citizens were allowed to have guns for both recreation and protection. Some people just like to go out and target practice, just to see how good they were and to compete against other people. Others liked to get out in the woods and wilderness and to actually hunt for food, not necessarily because we had to, just because we wanted to. Many of us also believed that we were responsible for our own protection so we had guns, not to try and do the job of the Police, that’s what the Protection Committee was called at that time, but to help them. This picture here of me in a car, actually that was a truck that I had dreamed about owning for years. That was a 1958 Chevy Apache. I always liked the old trucks so I finally was able to get one and fix it up. Your Dad on the other hand always liked Sports Cars so that picture is him sitting in his 2010 Dodge Challenger, that was only a couple of years before you were born. You see at that time anyone could have a car, as long as you could afford it. There’s something else you need to know about, money. It used to be you would go out and get a job, a job of your choosing, and you were paid for your work, in money, money that you could hold and play with. You could spend the money in any way you wanted. Most people were responsible and paid all their bills and put food on the table before they started spending it on frivolous fun things. Now we are paid in credits, something on a computer that you never actually see or hold, usually just enough to redeem at the Nutrition Distribution Center for that stuff they now call sustenance. Now only the Elite members of the Committee are allowed to own or drive cars; or as they call them Personal Vehicles of Conveyance. The rest of us are required to use the Citizen Transportation System. Just like the picture of me in the boat, I was out fishing. We used to be allowed to do that just like we used to be able to own a boat if we wanted. Boats used to come in all different sizes and styles. There were boats that were small and you had to use a paddle, a long flat ended piece of wood, to move it through the water. There were boats that used engines that ran on gasoline, these came in all sizes and you could use them for all types of things. Then there were the sailboats, the modern ones were used mainly for recreation. The Committee For The Environment outlawed all boats initially coming up with all kinds of reasons saying that they were causing damage to the environment either by pollution from motors or from the people themselves or even by damage to shorelines from running boats on shore to get in and out of. They later decided that sailboats with electrical auxiliary motors and solar charging panels were OK but only for Elite members of the Committee. You had a question about the 2 wheeled things, well; the one your Dad is on is called a bicycle. Just about every kid had a bicycle, we used them for playing and getting around on, they gave kids freedom. When you were out flying through the streets of town you felt like you were on top of the world. The other picture is me on a motorcycle. They were just like cars except they had 2 wheels, in fact some of them even had 3 wheels. We could use them for transportation but more importantly they were just fun, another form of freedom. The Committee for Child Safety outlawed bicycles must after the Unification because they said they were unsafe for children and the Committee for Transportation outlawed motorcycles all together when they outlawed the use of motor vehicles for citizens other then the Elite members of the Committee. What a sad day that was, the one I was on was just a standard street bike, there were all kinds and people would customize them to reflect their own personalities. Now we don’t even have pictures to display on walls or even paint our walls to display our individual personalities.”

“You haven’t told me about the plants. From what we have been taught all plants are grown using hydroponics since dirt carries all kinds of germs. Why is Dad messing around in the ground with that plant? Did he have to get immunizations later to keep him from becoming ill from the dirt?”

“They only tell you that to make you scared of dirt, and grass, and trees, and anything else that has to do with being outside. Truth is with the Committee for Health sanitizing everything around us most people do not have any natural resistance to germs of any kind, which was the plan from the start since the Committee for Pharmaceutical Supplies was working with the Committee for Health to try and push more immunizations on the public. Well it worked; we get immunizations on a monthly basis now don’t we? It didn’t use to be that way, we rarely got immunizations for anything, we played in the dirt, we worked in the dirt we even ate dirt accidentally while playing sports. Your Dad loved roses, he was growing his own and that picture was him working around it. We also had our own garden where we grew our own vegetables, in fact they were healthier for us since they had more vitamins and nutrition in them then the ones that are now grown in the hydroponics facility and have all the nutrition processed right out of them before they are mixed together into that mush they called sustenance for us.”

Jim turned the page and there stuck in between the pages was another smaller book with a soft cover and pages starting to fall out of it. “What is this?” he asked.

Grandpa picked up the book and opened it carefully, again that funny look came over Grandpa, only this one seemed to have a reverent look to it, one of respect for an old book that was falling apart. Jim knew that this book meant a lot to Grandpa, Jim wasn’t sure if he even wanted to touch the book, he was afraid he would damage it even more. Grandpa handed the book to Jim in such a way that it seemed the book was fragile or it was the most important thing in the world. “This is a pocketbook version of the Constitution of the United States of America. It was written in 1787, or if you prefer 240BU. This was the document that established the United States of America; it brought all the original colonists and colonies into a United Country. This document established the initial laws for the Nation. This was a Nation established on the idea that the People were the most important thing; they had unalienable rights from their creator that could never be taken away from them. Creator? Oh yea, they don’t teach you about that anymore do they, well that too is for another day. The People that started the United States of America were independent people, people that would rather suffer hardships and either fail or succeed on their own then to have it given to them; there was no value in having it given to them. I don’t know what has happened to the original document; it used to be a revered document that was kept safe for all to see. Since the Unification I have no idea what happened to it, the Committee may have destroyed it. This is one of the documents that gave a whole Nation independence and established a Nation that believed in what was originally called the American Dream. The story and history behind that document is to long to go into, much of it is in there, read it, just don’t let anyone know you have it.”

Jim held the book carefully then gently placed it back where it had been. The look on his face was a mixture of sadness, information overload and a desire to learn more. Grandpa decided this was enough for today so he closed the book and reverently laid the scrap book in Jim’s lap. Placing his hand on the cover of the book Grandpa looked at Jim and said “This is yours now. In here there are many things that you will not understand. It used to be that there were books of all kinds, this was a scrap book, a book that started out as blank pages that you put what you wanted to on, whatever was important to you. There were books that were full of history, before the Committee for History decided to start writing history to fit the Unification Committees goal. There were books that taught you how to do things and books that were meant for entertainment only. Now everything is on the e-tablets, no one even remembers what it was to write with a pen or pencil, everything we are allowed to read is controlled by the Committees. This scrap book will give you a look at a time before that, it will show you what you are missing and that is why all the different Committees out there would say it is illegal. Guard it carefully, that has become the legacy of your family, something generations from here on out will be like other things, lost in the past.”

Jim rose holding the book; he then turned and looked at his Grandfather. “Thank you Grandpa, this is the best birthday I’ve ever had.”

Is this the conversation you want to have with your own Grandchild some day; is that the world you want to live in, to bring children into? Sure this is fiction and an exaggeration, or is it?

12/19/2010

Sunday, December 12, 2010

Part 5

The Constitution of the United States

As Seen By an Average American.

Part 5

The following are Amendments that have been written and passed since the Bill of Rights were ratified. There were others that have been proposed but not passed. Unfortunately even though some of these Amendments were passed with the best of intentions they have been misinterpreted by the courts and special interest groups through the ages just like the Bill of Rights in order to further their own agendas.

AMENDMENT XI

Passed by Congress March 4, 1794. Ratified February 7, 1795.

Note: Article III, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by amendment 11.

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.

This Amendment was intended to further define the Constitution to prevent the overextension of the Federal Government, to prevent the intrusion of the Government on the People. This was further evidence that in the beginning of this great Nation the belief was still that the States were sovereign entities.

AMENDMENT XII

Passed by Congress December 9, 1803. Ratified June 15, 1804.

Note: A portion of Article II, section 1 of the Constitution was superseded by the 12th amendment.

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; -- the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; -- The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. [And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. --]* The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

*Superseded by section 3 of the 20th amendment.

This Amendment made very small changes to Article II Section 1 of the Constitution, changes such as when a majority of votes is not obtained there shall be the top 3 versus top 5 names sent on to the House of Representatives to determine who shall be President and Vice President. Much to the surprise of most citizens of the United States this still does not give the election of the President or the Vice President to the public, it also does not give the selection of a running mate for Vice President to the Presidential candidate, the Vice President is to be elected by the Chosen electorates of each State just like the President is to be.

AMENDMENT XIII

Passed by Congress January 31, 1865. Ratified December 6, 1865.

Note: A portion of Article IV, section 2, of the Constitution was superseded by the 13th amendment.

Section 1.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the
United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 2.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

This Amendment officially ended slavery in the United States. This also ended indentured servitude which was more prevalent in the Northern States then in the Southern States.

AMENDMENT XIV

Passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868.

Note: Article I, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of the 14th amendment.

Section 1.
All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

This section was intended to ensure that the now free slaves from the Southern States would be citizens of the United States. Since some of them were born here but never considered to be citizens or even people for that matter, there had to be something that protected them from being deported to a country that they had never even seen. There are key words in this section that seem to have been over looked in order to try and use this Amendment to the advantage of every illegal immigrant that has been born in this country, regardless of which border they came across and regardless of what country they came from, those words are “subject to the jurisdiction thereof”. Citizens of foreign countries are still subject to the jurisdiction of the country they came from unless they have had their citizenship revoked; likewise their children are also subject to the jurisdiction of the country that their parents are from. This section was never intended to be used as a means of immigration reform, it was intended to provide citizenship to a group of people that were forcibly removed from their home countries and their offspring. Placing a sunset on this Amendment would have been the correct thing to do to keep it from being misused.

Section 2.
Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,* and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

This was just to define how the number or Representatives for each State would be determined.

Section 3.
No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

The intent of this section was to ensure that any elected or appointed member of the Federal Government would be dedicated to the survival and success of the United States. Maybe our Congress and our Executive Branch need to read this Amendment, I believe there might be a few people that would lose jobs if this were to be enforced.

Section 4.
The validity of the public debt of the
United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

This section was just a way to prevent the Federal Government from being responsible for the debts incurred by the Southern States during the War of Northern Aggression.

Section 5.
The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

*Changed by section 1 of the 26th amendment.

AMENDMENT XV

Passed by Congress February 26, 1869. Ratified February 3, 1870.

Section 1.
The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude--

Section 2.
The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Simply put this Amendment was to have ended any type of discrimination by law.

AMENDMENT XVI

Passed by Congress July 2, 1909. Ratified February 3, 1913.

Note: Article I, section 9, of the Constitution was modified by amendment 16.

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

This was the first step in getting away from the free enterprise system in the United States. The Progressive movement wanted to take from the rich and give to those that would not work. The Constitution clearly stated that taxes when needed would be equally apportioned between the States, this Amendment ended that, taxes could now be apportioned in any manner Congress saw fit.

AMENDMENT XVII

Passed by Congress May 13, 1912. Ratified April 8, 1913.

Note: Article I, section 3, of the Constitution was modified by the 17th amendment.

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

Prior to the ratification of this Amendment the States had representatives that were loyal to the State and could also be recalled by the legislation of their respective States if they were not looking out for the interest of the State. When this Amendment was ratified the States were giving up their sovereignty, they were contributing to the growth of the Federal Government.

AMENDMENT XVIII

Passed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January 16, 1919. Repealed by amendment 21.

Section 1.
After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the
United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

Section 2.
The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Section 3.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Nothing much to say about this one, it was tried, failed and repealed by the 21st Amendment. What this does show is that history should be kept to let us know what does work and what does not work. Once an Amendment is ratified it is a permanent piece of our Nations history, even if it is later repealed.

AMENDMENT XIX

Passed by Congress June 4, 1919. Ratified August 18, 1920.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

This Amendment simply gives the right of the vote to women of the United States.

AMENDMENT XX

Passed by Congress March 2, 1932. Ratified January 23, 1933.

Note: Article I, section 4, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of this amendment. In addition, a portion of the 12th amendment was superseded by section 3.

Section 1.
The terms of the President and the Vice President shall end at
noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

Section 2.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at
noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Section 3.
If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

Section 4.
The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

Section 5.
Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.

Section 6.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.

This Amendment simply defined the dates for the terms of the Presidency and Congress. It would be nice if section 2 was still observed, if Congress only met twice a year, it wouldn’t give them as much time to pass laws that just don’t make any sense what so ever.

AMENDMENT XXI

Passed by Congress February 20, 1933. Ratified December 5, 1933.

Section 1.
The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the
United States is hereby repealed.

Section 2.
The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the
United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

Section 3.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

When the Federal Government decided they were fighting a losing battle against bootleggers they repealed the 18th Amendment.

AMENDMENT XXII

Passed by Congress March 21, 1947. Ratified February 27, 1951.

Section 1.
No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

Section 2.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

Following the 4th term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt Congress proposed and ratified the 22nd Amendment to ensure there would never be a man entrenched in the office and in the power of the office as FDR was.

AMENDMENT XXIII

Passed by Congress June 16, 1960. Ratified March 29, 1961.

Section 1.
The District constituting the seat of Government of the
United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

Section 2.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

This Amendment was to provide Congressional support for the citizens of the District of Columbia. Prior to this there was no representation for those residing within the limits of DC.

AMENDMENT XXIV

Passed by Congress August 27, 1962. Ratified January 23, 1964.

Section 1.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax.

Section 2.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

To prevent taxing the right to vote which would have prevented many people from voting this Amendment was proposed and ratified, once again an attempt to prevent the Federal Government from exceeding it’s lawful power.

AMENDMENT XXV

Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.

Note: Article II, section 1, of the Constitution was affected by the 25th amendment.

Section 1.
In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

Section 2.
Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

Section 3.
Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

Section 4.
Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.

This Amendment simply put into place a means to ensure there would be a successor to the Presidency if something should happen to the President. It also allows for the removal of the President if he/she is deemed to be unable to perform the duties of the office.

AMENDMENT XXVI

Passed by Congress March 23, 1971. Ratified July 1, 1971.

Note: Amendment 14, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 1 of the 26th amendment.

Section 1.
The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

Section 2.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

This Amendment just set the voting age at 18 years of age, this was considered to be the age of adulthood, it was also a means to increase the voting block.

AMENDMENT XXVII

Originally proposed Sept. 25, 1789. Ratified May 7, 1992.

No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of representatives shall have intervened.

Simply put this Amendment ensured that the pay for Congress could not be reduced. This was initially to be one of the Amendments in the Bill of Rights, at that time the States did not feel it was necessary, once Congress became a profitable career the Amendment was once again pushed and ratified.

There are many of these Amendments that should go the way of the 18th Amendment, or at the very least there should be clarifying Amendments proposed and ratified. Before that can happen either our States or Congress needs to call for an Article 5 Constitutional Convention. There seems to be a fear that if this were done there would be changes that would mark the end of the United States as it was originally intended to be. That may be true, but at least it would be done legally within the confines of the Constitution instead of by slight of hand, fancy talk and back room deals as is happening now. At least with an Article 5 Convention there has to be at least 95% of the States in agreement to ratify any proposed Amendments.

The Founding Fathers and the Constitution are not perfect, if the Founders had thought so they never would have included Article 5 in the Constitution. They knew they could not foresee the changes that would occur, how could anyone foresee what would happen. Look at the advances that have happened in this country in a short 234 years. We have become the most powerful Nation in the world militarily, politically and at one time economically. Over the decades the changes that were made to the Constitution through the Amendment process show the advances the country has made, it also shows the changes that have been made in how people think and speak. The speech alone is one of the problems with how people interpret the meanings of the Constitution and the Amendments that followed. Although I have just read the words as they are and written up my interpretation there are means to understand exactly what was meant by the Founders and by each Congress that has passed Amendments. There are notes for the Constitutional Convention and for the ratification of the Constitution. There are also notes for the ratification of each and every Amendment. There is no reason for the Supreme Court or any Politician to not understand what each and every Article and Amendment means. More importantly if every American were to just read the Constitution and if the Constitution was taught in school that would be a start on fixing the problems we are now facing.

Sunday, December 5, 2010

Part 4

The Constitution of the United States

As Seen By an Average American.

Part 4

I’ve included the Bill of Rights as a part of the Constitution since it is and was an integral part of the way our Government was run and was intended to be run, at least it ran that way for the first about 150 years, albeit with a few hiccups along the way. The Bill of Rights has also been misused and misinterpreted by just about every citizen of the USA and by every special interest group as they saw fit for their own benefit.

The Bill of Rights (ratified December 15, 1791)

The Preamble to The Bill of Rights

Most copies of the Bill of Rights just lists the actual Amendments, there is no Preamble, and this has lead to a lot of confusion on how the Bill of Rights applies. Most citizens believe the Bill of Rights is a guarantee of protections for them, for the individuals themselves, not true, the Bill of Rights would have been more appropriately named the Bill of Restrictions. Restrictions on the Federal Government unless otherwise specified.

Congress of the United States
begun and held at the City of New-York, on
Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.

THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.

This is the part that many forget and is hardly ever included in the printing of the Bill of Rights. The States were so afraid of having a monarchy like they had just fought to be free from that they knew there needed to be more restrictions and clarifications in the Constitution.

RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.

Just as a point of note, this was an Article V convention, per the Constitution. The original Government proposed 12 and ratified 10 Amendments that put further restrictions on the Federal Government the correct way, not by using backroom deals and slight of hand secret handshake deals to get more power.

ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.

Amendment I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

What is seldom mentioned and for the most part has been forgotten is that many States had State sponsored religions; they just wanted to ensure that the Federal Government, for all intents and purposes, remained neutral when it came to religion. The States also remembered the repressions they had to deal with as far as speech and press while under British rule, therefore they did not want to give the Federal Government any leeway to stifle these freedoms. This was a Government of the People, a republic, the People therefore were given the right to assemble and to petition the Government when the Government was not doing what the People felt was in the best interest of the People.

Amendment II

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

This is one that it actually pains me to write about. This is a restriction on the Federal Government, the individual states can make laws as they feel necessary to restrict guns, or outlaw them altogether. Each State has its own Constitution; every citizen needs to check their States Constitution for gun laws. I’ve looked at several and every one I’ve looked at so far has had the exact same restriction on the State Government that the 2nd Amendment applies to the Federal Government. When we start trying to apply the Bill of Rights to the individual States we are doing more to remove the power of the States and grow the power of the Federal Government they we are to protect the rights of individuals as we all are lead to believe.

Amendment III

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

During the period of the Revolutionary War it was common place for Soldiers to take refuge in private homes and to take livestock or food stores without regard for how the landowners were going to survive. The individual States wanted to protect themselves from this happening in this new Nation.

Amendment IV

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Once again to ensure the protections of freedom and liberty the People had to feel free from unwarranted persecution and searches. Without these freedoms there is no America.

Amendment V

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

To sum this up what it is really saying is that before someone can be tried for a crime the Prosecution, the State, must have their ducks in a row. They can’t just keep trying someone hoping they will slip up and confess or give up some bit of information that allows the prosecution to find more evidence. Once again this is a protection of personal freedoms for the People. It can be a frustrating Amendment but at the same time we have to have proof before we can put someone on trial and convict them, hearsay can put an innocent man in prison.

Amendment VI

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

This goes with the 5th Amendment which prevents the abuse of power to hold someone with little or no evidence. This also ensures that all accused have properly trained and knowledgeable counsel representing them in the court.

Amendment VII

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

The amount of $20.00 was a large sum of money in the days that the Constitution and the Bill of Rights were written. The thought behind this Amendment stands today, in order to ensure domestic tranquility civil suits shall have the right to a court trial.

Amendment VIII

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

This just rounds out the 5th and 6th Amendments to once again prevent the abuse of power by the Federal Government.

Amendment IX

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

The 9th Amendment along with the 10th Amendment below are the Amendments that have been given away, in some cases actually taken by either force or slight of hand. These are the Amendments that need to be restored in order to restore the Constitution and the control over the Federal Government.

Amendment X

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Although I’m not going to go into the other Amendments that have been written I will say this; when the 17th Amendment, the one changing the selection of Senators from the States Legislatures to popular vote it took away the power of the States, there is no longer anyone in Washington DC that is actually looking out for the States as individual States. The 10th Amendment was the one that retained the power with the States, the States were to have the power to control the Federal Government, they were to remain as individual States making their own laws as they saw fit. If you were not happy with a States laws you were free to move to a State that has laws more fitting to your desires.

When the Federal Government steps in and starts to apply all of its laws on the States then there is no where else to go, you can’t just move to a different country. For that reason we can not have the Federal Government or the Supreme Court applying the Bill of Rights to the States, that is nationalizing, that is just one more step towards socialism.

Sunday, November 21, 2010

Part 3

The Constitution of the United States

As Seen By an Average American.

Part 3

Note: The following text in bold is a transcription of the Constitution in its original form

Article. IV. Relation of the States to Each Other (Sections 1 and 2) and Federal – State Relations (Section 3 and 4)

Section. 1.

Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Each State shall have control of their own proceedings.

Section. 2.

The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.

Citizens of one State will not have to show papers or identification to travel from one State to another. All citizens will have the same privileges and rights regardless of what State they reside in. The second paragraph simply says that one State will not harbor fugitives from another State, upon request they will extradite fugitives. The third paragraph was directed towards indentured servants and slaves, both of which are no longer practiced. It was one point of contention in the late 1800’s when the Southern States claimed that the Northern States had broken their contract with them when it came to slavery and the harboring of escaped slaves to the North.

Section. 3.

New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section 3 is simply protecting the States borders from being rewritten into new States or to add land to other States. There are questions as to whether or not the formation of West Virginia, which was originally a part of Virginia, was Constitutional or not. During the time of the Civil War, or War of Northern Aggression if you prefer, Virginia seceded from the Union but the North Western portion of the State remained loyal to the Union. Because of this that portion of Virginia was accepted into the Union as a new State. The questions come in as to whether or not the Southern States actually seceded or not. According to various accounts President Lincoln did not believe the States could secede so that would mean they were only rebelling making the formation of West Virginia unconstitutional. If the States could secede then the formation of West Virginia was just a new State being admitted to the Union from a different country altogether which is legal. Either way we have WV.

The second part of this leads back to Article I; giving Congress the authority to take lands for needful buildings. This section allows them to make rules and regulations for those lands, in other words, military bases, Post Offices, etc…

Section. 4.

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence.

Section 4 of Article IV is where the Federal Government promises to protect the borders of the States. If the Section 2 of this Article granted the Citizens of each State all privileges and immunities of the Citizens of the Several States then the Federal Government would not need to protect the States from invasion from each other. This would obviously mean invasion from outside the borders of the United States. This section also gives the Federal Government the authority to act in times of domestic violence; these are the cases where the Federal Government have called out the National Guard.

Article. V.

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.

The Framers of the Constitution knew they were not perfect and knew there was no way they could predict how the country would change or what types of technological advances would come along. There was no way they could have ever imagined that we would be dealing on a global scale the way we are today or traveling from one country to another in the matter of hours, much less to other States in a matter of hours. They addressed this lack of knowledge by providing for a method to amend the Constitution to meet the changing times. They stipulated that it would take a super majority of both Houses of Congress or a super majority of the legislatures of the Several States to even make a proposed Amendment. To have the Amendment approved it would take a super majority of the States Legislatures to ratify it to become a part of the Constitution. To date there are 27 Amendments to the Constitution, the first 10 were written and added prior to the ratification of the Constitution because of concerns the States had about the Constitution not being specific enough in some areas. Once an Amendment is placed in the Constitution it will remain for the life of the Constitution, even if another Amendment abolishes it as the 18th Amendment, Prohibition was abolished by the 21st Amendment. This is a way to preserve history and to be able to look back at what has worked and has not worked. The Constitutional Convention process of Article V is the only correct way to change the Constitution, not interpretations by politicians of Supreme Court Judges.

Article. VI. The National Debt

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

To fight the Revolutionary War the Colonies went into debt with several Nations, including the French. The Framers felt they needed to honor those debts and any others incurred by the Colonies prior to their Independence from British rule if they were ever to be taken seriously on the international scene.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

In the area of treaties made with other Nations the Constitution and the Federal Government is the supreme Law of the Land. In other words the several States have, by accepting this Constitution and becoming a part of the United States, granted the Federal Government the power and authority to deal with foreign Governments.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

All officers of the United States per the Constitution shall take an oath to support and defend it, every Congressman, every Supreme Court Judge, every Federal District Court Judge and the President. In keeping with the freedom of religion that the Framers believed in this oath was to be free from religious test or bindings, you did not have to be of a certain religion or any religion at all to be an elected official in the Federal Government or a Supreme Court of District Court Judge/

Article. VII. Ratification of The Constitution

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, the Word "Thirty" being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried" being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.

Attest William Jackson Secretary

Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

In keeping with the super majority, or two thirds, the Framers determined that this Constitution would not even become effective until at least nine of the original Colonies ratified, approved, the Constitution. All States had to agree to the terms of the Constitution to become a member of the Union of States, that was the date they became a State.

Thirty nine men signed the Constitution, forever putting their names in the history books. These men bet their fortunes and their fame on a dream they called a Republic, a country for the People, not a country that would rule over the People.

G°. Washington
Presidt and deputy from
Virginia

Delaware

Geo: Read Gunning Bedford jun John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jaco: Broom

Maryland

James McHenry Dan of St Thos. Jenifer Danl. Carroll

Virginia

John Blair James Madison Jr.

North Carolina

Wm. Blount Richd. Dobbs Spaight Hu Williamson

South Carolina

J. Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler

Georgia

William Few Abr Baldwin

New Hampshire

John Langdon Nicholas Gilman

Massachusetts

Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King

Connecticut

Wm. Saml. Johnson Roger Sherman

New York

Alexander Hamilton

New Jersey

Wil: Livingston David Brearley Wm. Paterson Jona: Dayton

Pennsylvania

B Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robt. Morris Geo. Clymer Thos. FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouv Morris